Fundamentals

Core computer science and backend engineering concepts every software engineer should know.

• API Design Guidelines — Data integrity, performance, reliability, HTTP semantics, security, versioning, and request coalescing
• Computing — Physical hardware, memory hierarchy, execution cycle, virtual memory, and bits & bytes encoding
• Database — Taxonomy, indexing, storage engines, algorithms, concurrency, scaling, and distributed database deep dives
• Networking — HTTP versions, auth, caching, NAT mapping/filtering, and NAT traversal (STUN/TURN/ICE)
• OAuth2 & OIDC — Authorization code flow, PKCE, token management, session handling, and concurrency race prevention
• Software Architecture — Architectural patterns and design tradeoffs